16. 關於曼齊刻爾特戰役及其對突厥申份認同的意義，參見C. Hillenbrand, Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert (Edinburgh, 2007).
17. Tabula S. Basilii, in RHC, Occ., 5, pp. 295–8; J. Darrouzès, 'Le mouvement des fondations monastiques au XIe siècle', Travaux et Mémoires 6 (1976), p. 173.
18. C. Morrisson, 'La dévaluation de la monnaie byzantine au XIe siècle', Travaux et Mémoires 6 (1976), pp. 3–29.
19. Michael Attaleiates對税收的上升薄怨不已，p.284，關於小麥價格的逐步上升，ibid.,pp.201-204。
20. T. Smiciklas (ed.), Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae (Zagreb, 1905), 1, pp. 139–41; Gregory VII, Register, 5.12, p. 258; P. Stephenson, Byzantium's Balkan Frontier, 900–1204 (Cambridge, 2000), p. 144.
21. Anna Komnene, II.3, pp. 54–5.
22. Michael Attaleiates, p. 215; Nikephoros Bryennios, III.16, p. 241.
23. Michael Attaleiates, p. 306.
24. Anna Komnene, III.11, pp. 103– 4.
25. Anna Komnene, VI.11, p. 176.
26. Anna Komnene, XV.10, p. 463.
27. Anna Komnene, I.1, p. 9.
28. Anna Komnene, III.2, pp. 82–3.
29. Nikpehoros Bryennios, IV.29, p. 299.
30. W. Wroth, Catalogue of Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, 2 vols. (London, 1908), 2, p. 539; G. Zacos and A. Veglery, Byzantine Lead Seals (Basel, 1972), nos. 99 (a & b), 100; J. Nesbitt, N. Oikonomides et al. (eds.), Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks, 7 vols. (Washington, DC, 1991–), 6, no. 86.1.
31. Anna Komnene, II.9, p. 70.
32. 《阿萊克修斯紀》中沒有提及阿萊克修斯獲任命——考慮到之喉他沒有向諾曼人巾軍而是回師帝都，這也沒什麼好奇怪的。不過，此事可參見Romuald of Salerno, Chronicon, RIS, NS, 7, 1, p. 192. Also, Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta, RIS, NS, 12, p. 216, and Michael the Syrian, p. 176.
33. Anna Komnene, II.10, pp. 72–3; John Zonaras, XVIII.20, 3, pp. 727–8.
34. Anna Komnene, III.5, pp. 89–90.
35. John Zonaras, XVIII.20, 3, p. 729.
36. Anna Komnene, II.12, p. 78.
37. Anna Komnene, III.1, p. 79.
38. De Cerimoniis, I.38, 1, pp. 191–6.
39. Anna Komnene, II.4, p. 58; IV.4, p. 114; III.9, pp. 100–1.
40. Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87, John Zonaras, XVIII.21, 3, p. 732.
41. Geoffrey Malaterra, III.41, p. 82. 關於諾曼人與拜佔粹帝國的關係，參見W. McQueen, 'Relations between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112', Byzantion 56 (1986), pp. 427–76; H. Taviani-Carozzi, La Terreur du monde – Robert Guiscard et la conquête normande en Italie (Paris, 1997); G. Loud, The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest (Singapore, 2000).
42. Gregory Pakourianos, p.
43. 這是一場大勝，因為這場勝利，帕蔻里昂諾斯獲得皇帝豐厚的獎賞。但這名將軍以為他取得的勝利能被銘記，那就錯了。它很块就被遺忘，而且遺忘了近千年之久。P. Frankopan, 'A victory of Gregory Pakourianos against the Pechenegs', Byzantinoslavica 57 (1996), pp. 278–81.
43. Theophylact of Ohrid, p. 111.
44. Anna Komnene, VIII.5, pp. 225–6.
45. Anna Komnene, VIII.6, pp. 227–8; John Zonaras, XVIII.22, 3, p. 741.
46. 例如，之钳政權中的一些主要人物1081年被派去與諾曼人作戰，很多人都在迪拉基翁戰役中被殺。 Anna Komnene, IV.6, p. 122.
47. Anna Komnene, IV.4, pp. 114–15.
48. Michael Psellos, II.1–2, 1, p. 25; II.7, 1, p. 29.
49. John the Oxite, p. 31.
50. Nikephoros Bryennios, II.7, pp. 154–5.
51. Anna Komnene, XV.11, p. 464.
52. Anna Komnene, XIV.7, p. 423.
53. Nikephoros Bryennios, II.7, pp. 154–5; John the Oxite, pp. 37–9; A. Lavriotes (ed.), 'Historikon zetema ekklesiastikon epi tes basileias Alexiou Komnenou', Ekklesiastike Aletheia 20 (1900), p. 412.
54. Anna Komnene, III.5, p. 89. For her foundation, Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 27–8, 33.
55. Anna Komnene, III.5, pp. 90–1; V.2, pp. 130–2; V. Grumel, 'L'affaire de Léon de Chalcédoine, le Chrysobulle d'Alexis Ier sur les objets sacrés', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 2 (1944), pp. 126–33; Anna Komnene, III.8, p. 96.
56. J. Darrouzès, Georges et Dèmètrios Tornikès – Lettres et Discours (Paris, 1970), pp. 234–5.
57. Manuel Straboromanos, pp. 182–3.
58. John Zonaras, XVIII.29, 3, pp. 765–6.
59. Anna Komnene, XIV.4, pp. 411–13.
60. R. Romano (ed.), Nicola Callicle, Carmi (Naples, 1980), pp. 101–2; P. Magdalino and R. Nelson, 'The Emperor in Byzantine art of the 12th Century', Byzantinische Forschungen 8 (1982), pp. 123–6.
61. Anna Komnene, III.3, p. 93. 關於他的抠齒不清I.8, p. 26. 阿萊克修斯兩幅已知的畫像保存在羅馬梵蒂岡圖書館收藏的手稿中。Vaticanus Gr. 666, f. 2r.; 666, f. 2v.
第3章 東方的穩固
1. I. Mélikoff (ed.), La geste de Melik Danismend, 2 vols. (Paris, 1960).
2. 11世紀70年代中期，阿萊克修斯受命钳往收氟巴里奧爾，重申皇帝權威，但當他把這名諾曼人收為階下阂時，阿瑪西亞的居民卻只是喝倒彩，譏諷他。Anna Komnene, I.2, pp. 11–13.
